King Salmon and Fisherman by Art Craft Wildlife Conservation Series First Day of Issue Cover Sheet

Activity of trying to grab fish

Stilts fishermen, Sri Lanka

Fishing with nets, Mexico

Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are oftentimes caught in the wild but may likewise be defenseless from stocked bodies of water. Techniques for catching fish include manus gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. "Fishing" may include communicable aquatic animals other than fish, such every bit molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms (such as starfish and sea urchins). The term is not normally practical to communicable farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more than advisable. In addition to being caught to be eaten, fish are caught equally recreational pastimes. Fishing tournaments are held, and caught fish are sometimes kept as preserved or living trophies. When bioblitzes occur, fish are typically caught, identified, then released.

According to the United Nations FAO statistics, the total number of commercial fishers and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries.^[1] In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.four kilograms (32 lb), with an boosted vii.4 kilograms (16 lb) harvested from fish farms.^[two]

History [edit]

Line-fishing is an ancient practice that dates dorsum to at to the lowest degree the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period nigh twoscore,000 years ago.^[iii] Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan human, a 40,000-twelvemonth-former modern human being from east asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.^[4] ^[5] Archæology features such as trounce middens,^[six] discarded fish basic, and cave paintings evidence that sea foods were of import for survival and consumed in significant quantities. Fishing in Africa is evident very early on in human history. Neanderthals were angling by about 200,000 BC.^[vii] People could accept developed basketry for fish traps, and spinning and early forms of knitting in order to make fishing nets^[8] to exist able to catch more fish in larger quantities.

During this menstruation, nigh people lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. Notwithstanding, where there are early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at Lepenski Vir, they are almost always associated with line-fishing equally a major source of nutrient.

Trawling [edit]

The British dogger was a very early type of sailing trawler from the 17th century, but the modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century, at the English fishing port of Brixham. By the early 19th century, the fishers at Brixham needed to expand their fishing area further than ever before due to the ongoing depletion of stocks that was occurring in the overfished waters of South Devon. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a sleek build and had a tall gaff rig, which gave the vessel sufficient speed to make long-distance trips out to the fishing grounds in the sea. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow big trawls in deep water. The cracking trawling fleet that congenital upwardly at Brixham earned the hamlet the title of 'Female parent of Abyssal Fisheries'.^[9]

This revolutionary pattern made big scale trawling in the ocean possible for the first time, resulting in a massive migration of fishers from the ports in the Southward of England, to villages further north, such as Scarborough, Hull, Grimsby, Harwich and Yarmouth, that were points of access to the large fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean.^[9]

The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest angling port in the world^[ten] by the mid 19th century. An Act of Parliament was beginning obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to brand it deeper.^[eleven] It was only in 1846, with the tremendous expansion in the angling industry, that the Grimsby Dock Company was formed. The foundation rock for the Majestic Dock was laid by Albert the Prince espoused in 1849. The dock covered 25 acres (x ha) and was formally opened past Queen Victoria in 1854 equally the showtime modern fishing port.

The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing line-fishing fleets everywhere.^[12] By the end of the 19th century, there were over iii,000 line-fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishers effectually Europe, including from the Netherlands and Scandinavia. Twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German angling fleet.^[xiii]

The earliest steam-powered fishing boats first appeared in the 1870s and used the trawl system of fishing too as lines and drift nets. These were big boats, unremarkably 80–90 feet (24–27 thou) in length with a beam of around 20 feet (vi.i g). They weighed 40–50 tons and travelled at 9–11 knots (17–20 km/h; 10–thirteen mph). The earliest purpose-built fishing vessels were designed and made past David Allan in Leith, Scotland in March 1875, when he converted a drifter to steam ability. In 1877, he built the first spiral propelled steam trawler in the globe.^[14]

Steam trawlers were introduced at Grimsby and Hull in the 1880s. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 20,000 men on the North Ocean. The steam drifter was not used in the herring fishery until 1897. The last sailing angling trawler was congenital in 1925 in Grimsby. Trawler designs adapted as the style they were powered changed from sail to coal-fired steam by Globe War I to diesel and turbines by the end of World War II.

In 1931, the beginning powered pulsate was created past Laurie Jarelainen. The drum was a round device that was set up to the side of the boat and would draw in the nets. Since World War II, radio navigation aids and fish finders have been widely used. The first trawlers fished over the side, rather than over the stern. The first purpose-built stern trawler was Fairtry built-in 1953 at Aberdeen, Scotland. The transport was much larger than any other trawlers and then in operation and inaugurated the era of the 'super trawler'. Equally the ship pulled its nets over the stern, information technology could lift out a much greater haul of up to 60 tons.^[15] The ship served every bit a basis for the expansion of 'super trawlers' around the globe in the post-obit decades.^[15]

Recreational line-fishing [edit]

The early development of fishing equally recreation is non clear. For example, there is anecdotal evidence for fly fishing in Nippon, however, wing fishing was likely to have been a means of survival, rather than recreation. The earliest English language essay on recreational fishing was published in 1496, by Dame Juliana Berners, the prioress of the Benedictine Sopwell Nunnery. The essay was titled Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle,^[16] and included detailed information on fishing waters, the construction of rods and lines, and the employ of natural baits and artificial flies.^[17]

Recreational fishing took a dandy leap forwards later the English Ceremonious State of war, where a newly found interest in the activity left its mark on the many books and treatises that were written on the subject at the time. Leonard Mascall in 1589 wrote A booke of Fishing with Hooke and Line along with many others he produced in his life on game and wildlife in England at the time. The Compleat Angler was written by Izaak Walton in 1653 (although Walton continued to add to it for a quarter of a century) and described the fishing in the Derbyshire Wye. It was a commemoration of the fine art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse. A second office to the book was added by Walton's friend Charles Cotton.^[18]

Charles Kirby designed an improved fishing hook in 1655 that remains relatively unchanged to this day. He went on to invent the Kirby curve, a distinctive hook with an offset bespeak, still unremarkably used today.^[19]

Trading bill of fare of the Ustonson company, an early on firm specializing in fishing equipment, and holder of a Royal Warrant from the 1760s.

The 18th century was mainly an era of consolidation of the techniques developed in the previous century. Running rings began to appear along the line-fishing rods, which gave anglers greater control over the cast line. The rods themselves were too becoming increasingly sophisticated and specialised for different roles. Jointed rods became common from the center of the century and bamboo came to exist used for the top section of the rod, giving it a much greater force and flexibility.

The industry also became commercialised – rods and tackle were sold at the haberdashers store. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, artisans moved to Redditch which became a centre of production of fishing related products from the 1730s. Onesimus Ustonson established his shop in 1761, and his establishment remained as a market leader for the adjacent century. He received a Royal Warrant from three successive monarchs starting with King George Four.^[xx] He as well invented the multiplying winch. The commercialization of the industry came at a time of expanded interest in fishing as a recreational hobby for members of the aristocracy.^[21]

The impact of the Industrial Revolution was first felt in the manufacture of fly lines. Instead of anglers twisting their lines – a laborious and time-consuming procedure – the new material spinning machines allowed for a diverseness of tapered lines to be easily manufactured and marketed.

British wing-fishing continued to develop in the 19th Century, with the emergence of wing fishing clubs, along with the appearance of several books on the subject of fly tying and fly fishing techniques.

Past the mid to late 19th century, expanding leisure opportunities for the middle and lower classes began to have its event on fly fishing, which steadily grew in mass appeal. The expansion of the railway network in Britain allowed the less affluent for the first time to take weekend trips to the seaside or rivers for fishing. Richer hobbyists ventured farther abroad.^[22] The large rivers of Kingdom of norway replete with large stocks of salmon began to attract fishers from England in large numbers in the centre of the century – Jones's guide to Norway, and salmon-fisher'south pocket companion, published in 1848, was written by Frederic Tolfrey and was a popular guide to the country.^[22]

'Nottingham' and 'Scarborough' reel designs.

Modern reel blueprint had begun in England during the latter part of the 18th century, and the predominant model in utilise was known as the 'Nottingham reel'. The reel was a wide drum that spooled out freely and was ideal for allowing the bait to migrate a long style out with the current. Geared multiplying reels never successfully caught on in Great britain, just had more success in the United States, where similar models were modified by George Snyder of Kentucky into his bait-casting reel, the start American-made design in 1810.^[23]

The material used for the rod itself changed from the heavy woods native to England to lighter and more elastic varieties imported from away, especially from South America and the Due west Indies. Bamboo rods became the generally favoured selection from the mid 19th century, and several strips of the material were cut from the cane, milled into shape, and and so glued together to course the light, strong, hexagonal rods with a solid core that were superior to anything that preceded them. George Cotton and his predecessors fished their flies with long rods, and calorie-free lines allowing the wind to do most of the work of getting the wing to the fish.^[24]

Fishing became a popular recreational action in the 19th century. Print from Currier and Ives.

Tackle pattern began to improve from the 1880s. The introduction of new woods to the manufacture of wing rods fabricated it possible to bandage flies into the wind on silk lines, instead of horse hair. These lines allowed for a much greater casting altitude. All the same, these early fly lines proved troublesome as they had to be coated with diverse dressings to brand them float and needed to be taken off the reel and dried every four hours or then to prevent them from becoming waterlogged. Some other negative consequence was that information technology became easy for the much longer line to get into a tangle – this was called a 'tangle' in U.k., and a 'backlash' in the Usa. This problem spurred the invention of the regulator to evenly spool the line out and prevent tangling.^[24]

The American, Charles F. Orvis, designed and distributed a novel reel and wing blueprint in 1874, described by reel historian Jim Chocolate-brown as the "criterion of American reel design," and the offset fully modern wing reel.^[25] ^[26]

Albert Illingworth, 1st Baron Illingworth a textiles magnate, patented the modern form of fixed-spool spinning reel in 1905. When casting Illingworth's reel design, the line was drawn off the leading edge of the spool but was restrained and rewound past a line pickup, a device which orbits around the stationary spool. Because the line did not take to pull confronting a rotating spool, much lighter lures could be bandage than with conventional reels.^[24]

The development of inexpensive fiberglass rods, synthetic fly lines, and monofilament leaders in the early 1950s, that revived the popularity of fly fishing.

Techniques [edit]

Fishermen with traditional fish traps, Vietnam

In that location are many fishing techniques and tactics for catching fish. The term tin also be applied to methods for communicable other aquatic animals such every bit molluscs (shellfish, squid, octopus) and edible marine invertebrates.

Line-fishing techniques include mitt gathering, spearfishing, netting, fishing and trapping. Recreational, commercial and artisanal fishers use different techniques, and besides, sometimes, the aforementioned techniques. Recreational fishers fish for pleasance, sport, or to provide food for themselves, while commercial fishers fish for profit. Artisanal fishers use traditional, depression-tech methods, for survival in third-globe countries, and equally a cultural heritage in other countries. Usually, recreational fishers utilise angling methods and commercial fishers employ netting methods. A modern development is to fish with the assistance of a drone.^[27]

Why a fish bites a baited hook or lure involves several factors related to the sensory physiology, behaviour, feeding ecology, and biology of the fish too as the surroundings and characteristics of the bait/hook/lure.^[28] In that location is an intricate link between various fishing techniques and knowledge about the fish and their behaviour including migration, foraging and habitat. The effective utilize of fishing techniques often depends on this additional cognition.^[29] Some fishers follow angling folklores which merits that fish feeding patterns are influenced by the position of the sun and the moon.

Tackle [edit]

Fishing tackle is the equipment used by fishers when fishing. Virtually any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called angling tackle. Some examples are hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders and tackle boxes.

Tackle that is attached to the end of a angling line is called terminal tackle. This includes hooks, sinkers, floats, leaders, swivels, split rings and wire, snaps, beads, spoons, blades, spinners and clevises to attach spinner blades to fishing lures. People besides tend to employ dead or live fish as some other form of bait.

Angling tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the ways the tackle is used when fishing.

Line-fishing vessels [edit]

Commercial crab boat working in the North Sea

A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the ocean, or on a lake or river. Many dissimilar kinds of vessels are used in commercial, artisanal and recreational angling.

According to the FAO, in 2004 there were four million commercial angling vessels.^[thirty] Near 1.iii 1000000 of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all of these decked vessels are mechanised, and 40,000 of them are over 100 tons. At the other extreme, 2-thirds (ane.8 million) of the undecked boats are traditional craft of diverse types, powered only by sail and oars.^[thirty] These boats are used by artisan fishers.

It is difficult to estimate how many recreational line-fishing boats there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid since some recreational boats may also be used for fishing from time to time. Unlike near commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often non defended just to fishing. Just about anything that will stay adrift tin can be chosen a recreational fishing gunkhole, so long as a fisher periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from dugout canoes, bladder tubes, kayaks, rafts, stand up up paddleboards, pontoon boats and small dinghies to runabouts, cabin cruisers and cruising yachts to large, howdy-tech and luxurious big game rigs.^[31] Larger boats, purpose-congenital with recreational line-fishing in listen, commonly accept large, open cockpits at the stern, designed for convenient fishing.

Traditional fishing [edit]

Traditional fishing is any kind of small scale, commercial or subsistence fishing practices using traditional techniques such as rod and tackle, arrows and harpoons, throw nets and drag nets, etc.

Recreational fishing [edit]

Recreational and sport angling are line-fishing primarily for pleasure or competition. Recreational line-fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit how fish may be defenseless; typically, these prohibit the utilize of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth. The most mutual form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits or lures such as bogus flies. The exercise of catching or attempting to grab fish with a claw is generally known as fishing. In line-fishing, it is sometimes expected or required that fish exist returned to the water (catch and release). Recreational or sport fishermen may log their catches or participate in angling competitions.

The estimated global number of recreational fishers varies from 220 million to a maximum number of 700 million fishers globally,^[32] which is thought to be double the amount of individuals working as commercial fishers. In the United States solitary it was estimated that 50.ane meg people engaged in line-fishing activities in both saltwater and freshwater environments.^[33]

Big-game line-fishing is line-fishing from boats to grab large open up-h2o species such as tuna, sharks, and marlin. Sportfishing (sometimes game fishing) is recreational line-fishing where the master advantage is the claiming of finding and catching the fish rather than the culinary or financial value of the fish's flesh. Fish sought later include tarpon, sailfish, mackerel and many others.

Fishing industry [edit]

Contribution of fish to animal protein supply, average 2013-2015
World capture fisheries and aquaculture production 1950 - 2015

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial angling, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors.^[34] The commercial action is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or utilize every bit raw textile in other industrial processes.

There are three main manufacture sectors:^{[notation 1]}

The commercial sector comprises enterprises and individuals associated with wild-catch or aquaculture resource and the various transformations of those resource into products for sale.
The traditional sector comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which ancient people derive products following their traditions.
The recreational sector comprises enterprises and individuals associated with the purpose of recreation, sport or sustenance with fisheries resource from which products are derived that are not for auction.

Commercial fishing [edit]

Fishing boat in heavy sea

Commercial fishing is the capture of fish for commercial purposes. Those who do information technology must oftentimes pursue fish far from the land under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Commercial line-fishing methods have become very efficient using big nets and bounding main-going processing factories. Individual fishing quotas and international treaties seek to control the species and quantities caught.

A commercial line-fishing enterprise may vary from one homo with a small boat with mitt-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge armada of trawlers processing tons of fish every twenty-four hours.

Commercial fishing gear includes weights, nets (e.m. purse seine), seine nets (e.g. beach seine), trawls (e.chiliad. bottom trawl), dredges, hooks and line (eastward.g. long line and handline), elevator nets, gillnets, entangling nets and traps.

According to the Food and Agronomics Organization of the United nations, the total globe capture fisheries production in 2000 was 86 million tons (FAO 2002). The top producing countries were, in order, the People's Republic of China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan), Peru, Japan, the United States, Chile, Indonesia, Russian federation, India, Thailand, Norway, and Iceland. Those countries accounted for more than than half of the earth's production; China alone deemed for a third of the globe'southward product. Of that production, over 90% was marine and less than 10% was inland.

A small-scale number of species support the majority of the world'southward fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last iv provided a worldwide take hold of of well over a meg tonnes in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a take hold of of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species as well are fished in smaller numbers.

Fish farms [edit]

Fish farming is the primary form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall nether mariculture. Information technology involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, ordinarily for nutrient. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational angling or to supplement a species' natural population is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Fish species raised by fish farms include salmon, bother, tilapia, catfish and trout.

Increased demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing has acquired widespread overfishing. Fish farming offers an culling solution to the increasing market demand for fish.

Fish products [edit]

Fish and fish products are consumed as food all over the world. With other seafoods, it provides the earth's prime source of high-quality protein: 14–xvi percent of the animal protein consumed worldwide. Over one billion people rely on fish every bit their primary source of creature protein.^[36]

Fish and other aquatic organisms are also candy into various food and non-food products, such equally sharkskin leather, pigments fabricated from the inky secretions of cuttlefish, isinglass used for the clarification of wine and beer, fish emulsion used equally a fertiliser, fish glue, fish oil and fish repast.

Fish are also nerveless live for research and the aquarium trade.

Fish marketing [edit]

Fisheries management [edit]

Fisheries management draws on fisheries science to notice ways to protect fishery resources then sustainable exploitation is possible. Modern fisheries management is oft referred to as a governmental system of (hopefully appropriate) direction rules based on defined objectives and a mix of direction means to implement the rules, which are put in place by a organisation of monitoring command and surveillance.

Fisheries science is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of oceanography, marine biology, marine conservation, ecology, population dynamics, economics and management in an attempt to provide an integrated flick of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, such every bit bioeconomics.

Sustainability [edit]

Issues involved in the long term sustainability of fishing include overfishing, by-catch, marine pollution, environmental furnishings of fishing, climate change and fish farming.

Conservation issues are part of marine conservation, and are addressed in fisheries scientific discipline programs. There is a growing gap between how many fish are available to be caught and humanity's want to catch them, a problem that gets worse as the world population grows.

Similar to other environmental issues, there can be conflict between the fishermen who depend on fishing for their livelihoods and fishery scientists who realise that if future fish populations are to be sustainable and so some fisheries must limit fishing or cease operations.

Brute welfare concerns [edit]

Historically, some doubted that fish could experience pain. Laboratory experiments accept shown that fish practise react to painful stimuli (e.g., injections of bee venom) in a similar manner to mammals.^[37] ^[38] This is controversial and has been disputed.^{[ farther explanation needed ]} ^[39] The expansion of fish farming every bit well as animal welfare concerns in society has led to inquiry into more than humane and faster means of killing fish.^[twoscore]

In large-scale operations like fish farms, stunning fish with electricity or putting them into water saturated with nitrogen so that they cannot breathe, results in death more rapidly than just taking them out of the water. For sport fishing, it is recommended that fish be killed shortly after communicable them by hit them on the head followed by bleeding out or by stabbing the brain with a sharp object^[41] (chosen pithing or ike jime in Japanese). Some believe it is not barbarous if y'all release the grab back to where information technology was caught withal a study in 2018 states that the hook amercement an important part of the feeding mechanism by which the fish sucks in food, ignoring the issue of pain.^[42]

When fishing there are high chances of communicable other marine wildlife in a fishing net. There are over 100 unlike fishing regulations on paper for reducing this bycatch. ^[43]

Plastic pollution [edit]

Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear includes netting, mono/multifilament lines, hooks, ropes, floats, buoys, sinkers, anchors, metal materials and fish aggregating devices (FADs) made of not-biodegradable materials such equally concrete, metal and polymers. It has been estimated that global angling gear losses each year include five.seven% of all fishing nets, 8.six% of all traps and 29% of all lines used. Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) can have serious impacts on marine organisms through entanglement and ingestion.^[44] The potential for angling gear to become ALDFG depends on a number of factors including:

Environmental factors are mostly related to seafloor topography and obstructions, although tides, currents, waves, winds, and interaction with wild animals are besides important.

Operational losses and operator errors tin can occur even during normal line-fishing operations.
Bug such equally inadequate fisheries direction and regulations that exercise not include adequate controls can hamper collection of ALDFG (e.g. there may exist poor admission to drove facilities).

Gear loss resulting from conflicts primarily occurs (intentionally or unintentionally) in areas with high concentrations of fishing activities, leading to gear existence towed away, fouled, sabotaged or vandalized. Passive and unattended gear such as pots, set gillnets and traps are especially prone to conflict damage. In the Chill, conflicts are the most mutual reason for lost gear.^[44]

Cultural impact [edit]

Ona, a traditional fishing hamlet in Norway

Kaibarta woman with traditional fish communicable device fabricated from bamboo in Assam

Community: For communities similar fishing villages, fisheries provide non only a source of food and work but also a community and cultural identity.^[45]

Economic: Some locations may be regarded as fishing destinations, which anglers visit on vacation or for competitions. The economical impact of fishing by visitors may be a significant, or fifty-fifty primary driver of tourism acquirement for some destinations.

Semantic: A "fishing trek" is a situation where an interviewer implies they know more than than they practice to pull a fast one on their target into divulging more information than they wish to reveal. Other examples of fishing terms that deport a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled hook, line and sinker" (to exist fooled beyond merely "taking the allurement"), and the internet scam of phishing, in which a third party will indistinguishable a website where the user would put sensitive information (such as bank codes).

Religious: Fishing has had an event on major religions,^[46] including Christianity,^[47] ^[48] Hinduism, and the various new age^[49] religions. Jesus was said to participate in fishing excursions, and a number of the miracles and many parables and stories reported in the Bible involve fish or fishing. Since the Apostle Peter^[50] was a fisherman, the Catholic Church has adopted the employ of the fishermans band into the Pope's traditional vestments.

Notes [edit]

^ The wording of the post-obit definitions of the fishing manufacture are based on those used past the Australian government.^[35]

References [edit]

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^ "Fisheries and Aquaculture". FAO. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
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^ Offset direct prove of substantial fish consumption past early modern humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009.
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^ Andrew Due north. Herd. "Fly fishing techniques in the fifteenth century".
^ Stan L. Ulanski (2003). The Science of Fly-fishing. University of Virginia Press. p. 4. ISBN978-0-8139-2210-2.
^ "Welcome To Great Fly Fishing Tips". December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved sixteen July 2014.
^ "Angling Tackle Chapter 3" (PDF). Clam PRODUCTIONS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b Andrew N. Herd. "Fly Fishing in the Years 1800–1850". Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ Andrew N. Herd. "Fly Fishing in the Eighteenth Century". Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "line-fishing". Encyclopedia Britannica.
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^ Schullery, Paul. The Orvis Story: 150 Years of an American Sporting Tradition. Manchester, Vermont, The Orvis Visitor, Inc., 2006
^ Fishing with a drone Stuff, xv December 2015.
^ Lennox, Robert J; Alós, Josep; Arlinghaus, Robert; Horodysky, Andrij; Klefoth, Thomas; Monk, Christopher T; Cooke, Steven J (2017). "What makes fish vulnerable to capture past hooks? A conceptual framework and a review of key determinants". Fish and Fisheries. xviii (v): 986–1010. doi:10.1111/faf.12219. ISSN 1467-2979.
^ Keegan, William F (1986) New Series, Volume. 88, No. 1., pp. 92–107.
^ ^a ^b FAO 2007
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^ FAO. "The role of Recreational Fisheries in the sustainable direction of marine resources | GLOBEFISH | Nutrient and Agronomics Organisation of the United Nations". world wide web.fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ Lange, David. "Topic: Recreational Fishing in the U.S." Statista.
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^ "Today'south Fishing Industry". Fisheries Research and Evolution Corporation. ten December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
^ Tidwell, James H. and Allan, Geoff 50.
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^ "Practice fish experience pain? Not as humans do, report suggests". ScienceDaily. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
^ Lund, V; Mejdell, CM; Röcklinsberg, H; Anthony, R; Håstein, T (4 May 2007). "Expanding the moral circumvolve: farmed fish equally objects of moral business organization". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 75 (ii): 109–118. doi:ten.3354/dao075109. PMID 17578250.
^ Davie, PS; Kopf, RK (August 2006). "Physiology, behaviour and welfare of fish during recreational line-fishing and after release". New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 54 (4): 161–172. doi:ten.1080/00480169.2006.36690. PMID 16915337. S2CID 1636511.
^ "Anglers' catch-and-release method stops fish feeding properly, report finds". The Independent. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
^ "Facts | Seaspiracy Website". SEASPIRACY . Retrieved 12 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b Environment, U. Due north. (21 October 2021). "Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics". UNEP - UN Environment Plan . Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "International Collective in Back up of Fishworkers". ICSF. two March 2012. Retrieved i July 2012.
^ Regensteinn J.M. and Regensteinn C.E. (2000) "Religious food laws and the seafood industry" In: R.E. Martin, E.P. Carter, Chiliad.J. Film Jr and L.One thousand. Davis (Eds) (2000) Marine and freshwater products handbook, CRC Press. ISBN 978-one-56676-889-four.
^ A Misunderstood Analogy for Evangelism Bible Analysis Commodity
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Sources [edit]

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External links [edit]

"The sea without fish, a reality!". Pauly, Daniel (2009). University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. .
Map of earth ocean fishing action, 2016

The Free Encyclopedia

lappthenothe.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing